Cerebral Palsy (cp) is one of the most common physical...

Cerebral Palsy (cp) is one of the most common physical disabilities in the United States, defined by its various types, treatment, and legal rights for those with the condition. The term cerebral palsy (seh-ree-brel pawl-zee) is used to express any of the three or sometimes four types of the disorder. Still, the term itself can be confusing. Cerebral means ‘brain’ while palsy is ‘paralysis.’ As serious as it sounds, it is not a disease. The term refers to brain damage that causes weakness or paralysis of parts of the body such as legs or arms. Cerebral palsy is a non-contagious, non-progressive neuro-muscular disorder that impairs standard muscle control. There were many researchers who took steps to define the condition as early as†¦show more content†¦When these parts of the brain are damaged, the messages are not received properly as it should. Thus, the miscommunication affects the muscles. For example, when the brain commands the affected limb to straighten, it cannot, making the hand, or foot turn inward involuntarily than outward. Unfortunately, the brain damage is irreversible. And while it is possible to at least l essen certain risks for cp with modern medicine and technology, it cannot be prevented. Cerebral palsy cannot be easily diagnosed in infancy. However, there are early signs that could pinpoint CP include stiffness, difficulty with crawling, standing and moving in position, and favoring one side. It can be noticed when the baby does not roll over properly and fails to meet developmental milestones. Children with the disorder are usually diagnosed at about before age three years or even earlier. The pediatrician can sometimes diagnose cerebral palsy during the baby’s check-up. Another way, a doctor would ask the parents, typically the first to know something is wrong with their child about their observations. He or she can perform a M.R.I. to produce an image of the brain, do intelligence tests, test reflexes, and do self-observations by having the child do simple commands (ex. stand up straight) and refer to eye or ear specialists if need be. Blood tests are done to see if there are other conditions as early signs do not always translate to cp. IfShow MoreRelat edPhysical Disability And Physical Disabilities1191 Words   |  5 Pagesas individuals with physical disabilities require more specific nursing care, whether it is in a hospital setting or out in the community. According to the Physical Disability Council of North West Sydney (2009), physical disability pertains to total or partial loss of a person’s bodily functions (ex. walking, gross motor skills, bladder control etc.) and total or partial loss of a part of the body (ex. an amputation). John Hopkins University states, â€Å"physical disabilities result from congenitalRead MoreEssay Cerebral Palsy1151 Words   |  5 PagesCerebral Palsy (CP) is a condition that affects thousands of people each year. An estimated 764,000 children and adults are afflicted with one or more symptoms of CP. Around 8,000 infants and babies are diagnosed each year and 1,200-1,500 preschool age children are recognized with symptoms of CP (www.ucp.org). This condition is caused by â€Å"a bnormal development of areas of the brain that control movement and posture† (www.ucp.org). It can also be caused by damage to the brain (usually becauseRead MoreCauses And Consequences Of Premature Birth Essay4585 Words   |  19 PagesIntroduction Babies born before thirty-seven weeks gestation are considered to be preterm, or premature. More than one in every ten babies is born too early. Preterm birth complications are the leading cause of death among children under five years of age. Premature birth has a wide range of effects. All babies born before thirty-seven weeks gestation are at risk for complications that can have a lasting effect on the growing baby and family. At twenty-four weeks, the survival rate of a prematureRead MoreEssay special education11975 Words   |  48 Pagesï » ¿CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS OF DISABILITY The contemporary conception of disability proposed in the WHO International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) views disability as an umbrella term for impairments, activity limitations and participation restrictions. Disability is the interaction between individuals with a health condition (e.g. cerebral palsy, Down syndrome or depression) and personal and environmental factors (e.g. negative attitudes, inaccessible transportation,

Agricultural exploitation and human effects on the environment Free Essays

Humans rely on earth’s resources for a high quality of life. As the population surge continues, more food has to be produced to meet the high demands of people. However in relying on more and more resources, the population have forgotten to stop and think about the environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Agricultural exploitation and human effects on the environment or any similar topic only for you Order Now The growth in human population has caused: * More waste is being produced. * More pollution is being caused. * Non-renewable energy resources, such as coal, oil and natural gas, are being used up rapidly. * Raw materials are being used up rapidly. Agricultural production has been rising over the last few decades. Production has been rising due to an increase in the development of various crops and animals, and more intensive methods of farming. New varieties if crops and farm animals have been developed by artificial selection and genetic engineering. Crops can be genetically engineered to be resistant to pests. Many foods now contain genetically modified organisms. Some humans think that these will help food production and maintain high standards of living for the population. However, there are people that believe that we have the ability to produce adequate food without genetically modified organisms. They believe that the genetically modified organisms should be researched into for long term effects on health and environment. Agriculture is becoming more and more mechanised and the conditions can be controlled much more than before. On many arable farms machines have replaced labourers almost entirely. Every stage of crop production is carried out by machines. Large amounts of pesticides are used to increase crop yield by reducing competition from weeds and minimizing losses to disease and pests. Inorganic and organic fertilisers keep mineral levels high in the soil. Without fertilisers, heavy harvesting, of most crops would deplete the soil of the minerals. A deficiency of any one mineral limits plant growth. Fertilisers can increase crop yields however above a particular level, the increase in crop yield for each unit of fertiliser used gets less. Worse to that is that if a high over use of fertiliser is used then it will result in a decrease in crop yield and also have the long lasting effect on the environment. Among the most intensive forms of farming are greenhouse cultivation of plants and factory farming of animals. Both these methods grow organisms indoor in a confined space under controlled environmental conditions. Growing plants in greenhouses allows conditions such as light intensity, temperature, carbon dioxide concentrations, and mineral levels to be controlled artificially. Many people are against factory farming due to the following reasons: * Intensive cultivation is not cost effective because it relies on the heavy use of fossil fuels * Antiobioitcs, pesticides, and growth-promoting substances may harm human health and the environment. * Excessive use of antibioticvs in farm animals is contributing to the evolution of antibiotic resistance * Intensive cultivation isn’t cost effective and is damaging to the environment whereas organic farming isn’t dependent on fossil fuels and is better for the environment. Land clearance for cultivation and for grazing reduces the number of habitats available. Tropical forests are cleared for timber and land use on a massive scale, destroying important habitats and making the soil unstable. Destruction of a habitat reduces variation and the gene pool. Maximum use is made of available agricultural land by intensive cultivation, including the use of nitrate fertilisers. This causes there to be soil erosion and eutrophication. Agricultural pests cause economic damage to crops and farm animals. They can have a terrible effect especially in monocultures in which only one crop is grown. These systems are simpler than natural ecosystems and usually lack the predators of pests. Also, the growing the same crop on the same land again and again may allow the pests to increase in number. Pests attack crop plants and animals – which reduces yield. They cause disease, spoil stored food, compete for resources and increase the chance of pathogenic disease. These factors have a bad effect leading to a reduced amount of food produced and a huge economic loss for farmers. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Pests for plants include weeds, insects and crop diseases à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Weeds compete with crops for water, light and ions, – reducing crop yields à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Insects damage crops – By eating leaves – photosynthesis – Tunnelling into stems – transport – Attacking roots – water uptake – Destroying buds and shoots Pesticides are poisonous chemicals used to control organisms considered to be harmful on agriculture or organisms involved in disease transmission. Pesticides should be specific, non persistent (biodegradable) and shouldn’t accumulation. Pest control cannot completely remove a pest. The point is to remove enough of a pest so the farmer can get a good profit return. Pests can also be controlled chemically. This involves the use of herbicides, fungicides, or insecticides to kill the pests. The chemicals can be sprayed onto the crop, applied as powders or smokes in enclosed areas, sprayed onto animals or added to animal feed. Advantages of chemical control: * Pests are destroyed quickly and fairly cheaply * Chemicals can be applied on a small level * Doesn’t need a high level of skill * Very effective means of control Disadvantages of control: * Chemicals aren’t specific and can damage non target insects. With the removal of insect predators, there may be a resurgence in the pest * Pesticides contain poisonous chemicals which could enter into food chains likely to then kill birds, fish or mammals. * Pests could become resistant to pesticides. * Chemical residue could harm humans Chlorinated organic chemicals such as DDT were constant and remained in the environment for long periods, which is not what is required of a modern pesticide. However DDT was over used and this led to resistance from many species of insects. The suitable insecticide is an effective pesticide at low quantities and kills harmful insects. Another key point is that it should have no environmental effects. Researcehrs are constantly making progress on developing on new compounds. In the latest generation of insecticides, the pyrethroid has been developed from the flower of the plant named Pyrethrum. However, the effect of the natural pyrethrum was found to be short term as it was quickly broken down by sunlight. Biochemists then used the natural pyrethrum as a beginning point to develop a much safer, stable compound, suitable for insect control in field crops. Farmers should spray their crops in early morning or late evening to avoid harming passing by bees and ladybirds. Chemical pest control may involve the use of: * Herbicides – for control of weeds * Insecticides – for control of insects * Fungicides – for control of fungi * Molluscicides – for control of slugs and snails There have been many problems with insecticides since the primary idea behind insecticides was to kill all the pests possible – the effects on non-target organisms wasn’t looked into, some of which are beneficial. Biological control target natural enemies to maintain the population of pest species. A beneficial organism (agent) is deployed against a harmful organism (target). The purpose is to reduce the pest population down to a level which is economically profitable. If the pest population was completely wiped out then it would have a counter effect because there would be no food for the natural predator which would soon die out. Advantages of biological pest control: * Can provide long term control if population equilibrium is reached * Even though it is expensive in the short term (introductioin), it can work out cheaper in the longer term * Unlike chemical control, it’s highly specific to a pest which means less chance of having an effect on non target organisms. * No environmental contamination * It can be used in a glasshouse situation Disadvantages of biological control * Success needs deep level of skill and research. This can be expensive. * Examples which have gained success are fairly few in number * A thorough amount of knowledge is required about the life cycle. * Possibility of releasing organisms with unknown ecological effects * Consistent input is needed to maintain a population stability There are advantages and disadvantages of both chemical and biological control. Integrated pest management is the merging of the two methods. It is seen as a very effective way of tackling pests. This is achieved by: * Varying cultivation techniques * Use of biological agents * Minimal and well-targeted use of highly selective pesticides. Deforestation is having a effect on the environment. They are being cut down for reasons such as: * Sale of valueable timber * Freeing of land * Clearing land for roads The trees are being cut down at a much faster rate than they can regenerate. The consequences of deforestation are: * Soil erosion – digging and ploughing loosen up the topsoil, which is aiding in the process of soil erosion. * The removal of vegetation affects the regional climate mainly by reducing rainfall which increases speed of desertification. * Deforestation of the watershed causes lowland flooding. The removal of vegetation on the higher slopes of valleys consequents in heavy rain sweeping exposed soil to the floods below. On the lower slopes, plants and leaf litter would act as a sponge and soak up water gradually released into the soil. Instead, due to the absence of plants, only evaporation occurs. This is generally slower than transpiration in returning water vapour to the atmosphere, so soil conditions become wetter. * Climate change – A reduction in the level of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as there is less global synthesis. This leads to global warming. Cutting down forests hasn’t much effect on global carbon dioxide levels however since forests burn rapidly releasing lots of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere which assists in acid rain and helps towards global warming. Destruction of natural habitats leads to reduction in biodiversity. It is estimated that around 50% of the earth’s species live in the rainforests even though rain forests only take up around 10% of the earth’s land. If natural habitats are exploited then it could make them become extinct. This may lead to a loss in medical properties of some tropical plants which haven’t been looked into. Agricultural is way of combating deforestation. Possible solutions to problems of deforestation: * Managed forests involving the sustainable replanting and regeneration. * Providing protected areas to preserve species. There have been dramatic increases in the intensity and efficiency of commercial methods. This has meant that over-fishing is happening in many areas of the world. Fish are a renewable source. Over-fishing results in a depletion of younger fish, so that the breeding stock can’t maintain previous population levels. If the rate at which they are removed exceeds that at which they have been produced, their supply is disappearing. Fishing isn’t examined for possible negative issues. In a fish farm, fish are replaced by artificial breeding. However in the ocean, fish are taken out of the sea from humans with no aim to replace them by breeding. Over fishing often causes both a fall in the number of fish and a change in population structure: young smaller fish may become increasingly common as fishing fleets try to maintain the size of the fish they catch. Catching large numbers of small fish before they spawn can seriously reduce their ability of their species to reproduce. This could lead to a terrible fall in the local population of smaller fish. However fishing is likely to halt due to economic reasons, fishing is likely to stop before it can cause extinction. International agreements have been gained on control like: * Enforcing exclusion zones * Imposing quotas * Restricting the mesh size of nets – bigger nets may allow juvenile fish to escape and reproduce. * Having closed seasons for fishing How to cite Agricultural exploitation and human effects on the environment, Papers

Patient Information Management System Documentation free essay sample

The software methodology followed in this project includes the object-oriented methodology and Iteration methodologies. It starts with an initial planning and ends with deployment with the cyclic interactions in between. The basic idea behind this method is to develop a system through repeated cycles (iterative) and in smaller portions at a time (incremental), allowing software developers to take advantage of what was learned during development of earlier parts or versions of the system. We will use three fact finding techniques to find the correct information on the development of our system. The techniques which were used by us include: * Interview One of the most important ways of gathering information are interviews ,the interview simply is talk to employee. * Document Sampling * Work Site Observation Significance of the Project The main significance of this project to introduce the computerize system for Felege HiwotReferal Hospital, which gives effective services for patients. The system enables hospitals and doctors to better serve their patients, improve quality of patient care, reducing the time spent. We will write a custom essay sample on Patient Information Management System Documentation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Chapter Two: SYSTEM FEATURES 1. Existing System Description Hospitals currently use a manual system for the management and maintenance of critical information. The current system requires numerous paper forms, with data stores spread throughout hospital customer information management infrastructure. Often information is incomplete, or does not follow management standards. Forms are often lost in transit between departments requiring a comprehensive auditing process to ensure that no vital information is lost. Multiple copies of the same information exist in the hospital and may lead to inconsistencies in data in various data stores. 2. Proposed System Description The Hospital Customer Information Management System is designed for Any Hospital to replace their existing manual, paper based system. The new system is to control the overall patient information. These services are to be provided in an efficient, cost effective manner, with the goal of reducing time and resources usage. 3. Specific Requirements 3. 1 Tools and Material Requirement Software Requirement| purposes| Microsoft visual studio 2010 using c# csharp| To easily develop the system | SQL server 2005/2008| For database designing| Notepad++| For editing code| Microsoft Visio| For system designing like relational mapping, ER_diagram, entity and so on. | Crystal report software| To generate report from the database| Table [ 1 ]. Software Requirement Hardware Requirement| Purposes| Computers| For system develops | Table [ 2 ]. Hardware Requirement 3. 1 User Requirements 3. 1. 1 Functional Requirements * Req1. The system shall add a patient. * Req3. The system shall search a Patient. * Req4. The system shall generate patient information report. * Req7. The system shall modify an account. * Req8. The system shall allow new users to create account. * Req9. The system shall request patient full information. * Req10. The system shall check login validity. 3. 1. 2 Non Functional Requirements * The system should be easy to use for the user. * The system shall be available work 24 hours. * The system shall be efficient to full fill patient needs. * The system should be secured from any user. * The system shall recover from error within a short period of time. * The system shall minimize errors and clear error message must be displayed that guide user to handle it. . 1. 3 System requirements R1. The system should have a database to store data and information about the user. R1. 1. the system shall store data from the user. R1. 2. the system shall check the patient information that is complete or not. R1. 3. the system checks that all information are entered. R1. 4. the system saves information about the user. R2. The system should be ready for the user to login on the system by displaying a login on interface. R2. 1. the user want to login. R2. 2. the system displays the login form interface for the user. R2. 3. the user submits his/her password and user name. R2. . the system verifies his or her password and user name. R2. 5. the system displays a message if the user name or password not correct. R2. 6. the system login the user if user name and password is correct. R4. The system shall be able to search all users. R4. 1 the system wants to search. R4. 2 the user enters the wanted data. R5. The system should prevent the data base management system from any an authorized access. R6. The system gives service for the patients from local access where there is internet access. R7. The system should be able to display error message if users missing some information. R8. The system should add,search and update patients Analysis Models DFD Patient OPD Patient register Department Special Doctors Pharmacy Laboratory Patient Ok Operation Figure [ 1 ]. Data Flow Diagram Use case diagram Figure 2. Use Case Diagram. Use Case Description. Use Case Id:| UC-001| Use Case Name| Patient Register | Use Case Description| In this business use cases those Patients will going to the hospital and will be registered in the system. | Actors:| Patient| Preconditions:| * List of accepted patients are registered to the registration form. | Flow of Events:| 1. The Patient asks for registration. . The receptionist checks if patient’s name is in the list of registration form. 3. The Patient submits all required details. 4. receptionist validates all submitted details. 1. patient registered. 5. End use case| Alternate Flow:| 2. 1 patient details is not found in the system 2. 2. 1 The receptionist informs the patient that he/she can’t register. 2. 2. 2 The registr ation process terminates. | Post condition| patients are registered to the system and get services. | Goal| To register patients with appropriate information| Table [ 3 ]. Use Case Description. Use Case Id:| UC-002| Use Case Name:| Treat Patients| Use Case Description| This business use case is used to treat patients who are registered . The treatment is based on patient’s problem/diseases level. | Actors:| * Doctor * OPD * Department| Preconditions:| * patient details resisted in to the system and checked. | Triggers:| * Notification letter from Zone| Flow of Events:| 1. OPD calls patient who is registered. 2. OPD ask the patient what kinds of symptoms he/she has. 3. If the patient easily treated, the OPD prescribe the patient, otherwise he/she send to one of the department as the patient type. 4. The Doctor checks if the patient is under goes operation or prescribe medicine. 5. The patient perform operation. 6. The patient prescribe medicine. 7. The patient completes treatment. 8. The use cased end. | Exceptions:| | Information Requirements:| | Assumptions:| | Table [ 4 ]. Use Case Description. Use case id| UC_003| Use case name| Check patient examination| Actor | Doctor| Description | Doctor verifies patient diseases by using powerful instrument. | Precondition | Patients should be treated by Opd. | Basic course of action| 1) Doctors show patient result transferred from OPD 2) Check whether the instrument has or not. ) If the instrument have treat patient. 4) Check patient result. 5) Record result into system. 6) The system check the data is record correctly. 7) Send data into other department. 8) Check the data correctly. 9) The use case end. | Post condition| Patient information is checked. | Goal| To check Patient status is valid or not| Table [ 5 ]. Use Case Description Use case id| UC_004| Use case name| View report| Actor | Opd| Description | Allow managers to view the overall daily patient registered. | Precondition | The system should generate report| Basic course of action| 1. Open the home page 2. Enter username and password 3. The system validates username and password 4. Opd View system generated report 5. The use case ends| Alternative course of action| A3. The system Determine the entered username and password invalid. A4. The system notifies the Opd the username and password is invalid and prompts to renter. | Post condition| The Opd view report. | Goal| To view timely report of patient| Table [ 6 ]. Use Case Description Use Case Id:| UC-005| Use Case Name| Login| Use Case Description| In this business use cases Doctors, receptionist, each department will going to the developed system and will be login first to start some applications/services. Actors:| Doctors, receptionist, department| Preconditions:| * Doctors, receptionist, department are login to the system form. | Flow of Events:| 1. The Doctor should login first. 2. The Doctor checks if registered patients in the system. 3. The Doctor identifies what type of patients are registered. 4. The Doctor identifies which department belongs to. 5. the pa tient goes to the department accordingly. 6. the patient will treat . 7. End use case| Alternate Flow:| 2. 2 The doctor doesn’t login to the system 2. 3. 3 The doctor doesn’t have user login account. 2. 3. The registration process terminates. | Post condition| Doctors are login to the system and they give appropriate services for registered patients. | Goal| Doctors are create their login account in order to make the system secure and then use that account to start their work. | Use Case Id:| UC-006| Use Case Name| Record| Use Case Description| In this business use cases receptionist will going store each patient data for the purpose of treating patients in a good manner. | Actors:| Receptionist| Preconditions:| Receptionists are login to the system and collect patient data finally store the record. Flow of Events:| 1. The receptionist should login first. 2. The receptionist checks if registered patients in the system. 3. The receptionist identifies what type of patien ts are registered. 4. The receptionist identifies which department belongs to. 5. thereceptionist record each patients’ data as well. 6. End use case| Alternate Flow:| 2. 3 The receptionist doesn’t login to the system 2. 4. 5 The receptionist doesn’t have user login account. 2. 4. 6 The system process terminates. | Post condition| receptionist are login to the system and they record appropriate patient data. Goal| receptionist should store the correct patient data. | Class diagram Figure [ 3 ]. Class Diagram Activity diagram Login Figure [ 4 ] Activity Diagram for Login Registration Figure [ 5 ]. Activity Diagram for registration. Record Data Figure [ 6 ] Activity diagram for insert data Payment Figure [ 7 ] Activity diagram for payment Check Examine Figure [ 8 ] Activity diagram for check examine Sequence diagram Figure [ 9 ] Sequence diagram for patient information management system Chapter Three: SYSTEM DESIGN Deployment Diagram System Architectural Design Da ta Sql server Presentation Tier Database tier Business tier Data Structure Design Database Design Database design is used to manage large bodies of information. In this database we describe all the 4 tables available in the software, which are used to store all the records. 2. Entities with attributes,Data types and Relationship Patient Attributes| Data Type| Relationships| Patient first name| Varchar(50)| Not Null| Patient middle name| Varchar(50)| Not Null| Patient last name| Varchar(50)| Not Null| Pid| Int| Primary Key| Age| Int| Not Null| Date_of_birth| Date/time| Not Null| Sex| Varchar(5)| Not Null| Address| Varchar(5)| Not Null| Disease| Varchar(5)| Not Null| Doc_id| Int| Foreign Key| Dep_cod| Int| Foreign Key| Date_of_registeration| Date/time| Not Null| Region| Nvarchar(50)| Not Null| Woreda_subcity| Nvarchar(50)| Not Null| Ketema_gott| Nvarchar(50)| Not Null| Kebela| Int| Not Null| House_no| Int| Not Null| Phone_no| Int| Not Null| Opd_code| Int| Foreign Key| Rec_id| Int| Foreign Key| Table [ 7 ]. Patient Doctor Attributes| Data Type| Relationships| Doctor First Name| Varchar(50)| Not Null| Doctor Middle Name| Int| Not Null| Doctor Last Name| Varchar(5)| Not Null| Doctor_Id| Int| Primary Key| Laboratory_No| Int| Foreign Key| Specialization| Nvarchar(50)| Not Null| Phone_No| Int| Not Null| Address| Nvarchar(50)| Not Null| Department_Cod| Int| Foreign Key| Table [ 8 ]. Doctor table Lab report Attributes| Data Type| Relationships| Lab_No| Varchar(5)| Primary Key| Patient_Id| Int| Foreign Key| Doctor_Id| Varchar(5)| Foreign Key| Date| Date/Time| Not Null| Category| Varchar(15)| Not Null| Patient_Type| Varchar(15)| Not Null| Amount| Int| Not Null| Table [ 9 ]. Lab Report table Inpatient Attributes| Data Type| Relationships| Inpatient First Name| Varchar(50)| Not Null| Inpatient Middle Name| Varchar(50)| Not Null| Inpatient Last Name| Varchar(50)| Not Null| Inpatien_Id| Int| Primary Key| Sex| Varchar(5)| Not Null| Room_No| Int| Not Null| Bed_No| Int| Foreign Key| Phone_No| Int| Not Null| Date Of Addmission| Date/Time| Not Null| Lab_No| Int| Foreign Key| Date Of Discharge| Date/Time| Not Null| Status| Varchar(50)| Not Null| Table [ 10 ] Inpatient Outpatient Attributes| Data Type| Relationships| Outpatient First Name| Varchar(50)| Not Null| Outpatient Middle Name| Varchar(50)| Not Null| Outpatient Last Name| Varchar(50)| Not Null| Outpatien_Id| Int| Primary Key| Age| int| Not Null| Gender| Varchar(5)| Not Null| Address| Nvarchar(50)| Not Null| Phone_No| Int| Not Null| Date Of Addmission| Date/Time| Not Null| Lab_No| Int| Foreign Key| Opration_Date| Date/Time| Not Null| Assigned_Doctor| Nvarchar(50)| Not Null| Status| Varchar(50)| Not Null| Table [ 11 ]. OutPatient Payment Attributes| Data Type| Relationship| Bill_No| Int| Primary Key| Medicine_Charge| Varchar(50)| Not Null| Patient_Type| Int| Not Null| Patient_Id| Int| Forign Key| No Of Date| Date/Time| Not Null| Health_Card| Nvarchar(50)| Not Null| Table [ 12 ]. Payment table Room Attributes| Data Type| Relationship| Inpatient First Name| Int| Not Null| Inpatient Middle Name| Int| Foreign Key| Inpatient Last Name| Varchar(50)| Not Null| Room_No| Int| Foreign Key| Bed_No| Int| Primary Key| Inpatient_Id| Int| Foreign Key| Table [ 13 ]. Room Table Receptionist Attributes| Data Type| Relationships| Receptionist First Name| Varchar(50)| Not Null| Receptionist Middle Name| Varchar(50)| Not Null| Receptionist Last Name| Varchar(50)| Not Null| Receptionist_Id| Int| Primary Key| Patient_Id| Int| Foreign Key| Sex| Varchar(5)| Not Null| Age| Int| Not Null| Address| Varchar(50)| Not Null| Table [ 14 ]. Receptionist Pharmacy Attributes| Data Type| Relationships| Medicine_Id| Int| Primary Key| Medicin_Name| Varchar(50)| Not Null| Medicin_Type| Varchar(50)| Not Null| Expire_Date| Date/Time| Not Null| Manfuctured_Date| Date/Time| Foreign Key| Price| Varchar(5)| Not Null| In_Id| Int| Foreign Key| Op_Id| Int| Foreign Key| Table [ 15 ]. Pharmacy Table Department Attributes| Data Type| Relationships| Department Name| Nvarchar(50)| Not Null| Department_Cod| Int| Primary Key| Opd_Cod| Int| Foreign Key| Laboratory_No| Int| Foreign Key| Table [ 16 ]. Department table OPD Attributes| Data Type| Relationships| OPD_Cod| Nvarchar(50)| Primary Key| Patient_Id| Int| Foreign Key| Services| Nvarchar| Not Null| Diagnisis| Nvarchar(Max)| Not Null| Departmement_Cod| Int| Foreign Key| Laboratory_No| Int| Foreign Key| Cost| Int| Not Null| Table 17. OPD ER_Diagram Figure [ 10 ]. ER_diagram User Interface Design Login page Figure [ 11 ]. login page Home Page Figure [ 12 ]. Home page Patient type page Figure [ 13 ]. Patient page Patient registration page Figure [ 14 ]. Patients registration page Inpatient form Figure [ 15 ]. Inpatient form Outpatient form Figure [ 16 ]. Outpatient form Receptionist form Figure [ 17 ]. Receptionist form Opd form Figure [ 18 ]. Opd form Department form Figure [ 19 ]. Department form Doctor form Figure [ 20 ]. Doctor form Room form Figure [ 21 ]. Room form Lab report form Figure [ 22 ]. Lab report form Pharmacy form Figure [ 23 ]. Pharmacy form Payment form Figure [ 24 ]. Payment form Conclusion Reference Bibliography Appendix Services and locations | (Type of services provided by the hospital): Clinical services| Laboratory services| Diagnostic service| Other services| Remark| Emergency| Stool examination| X-ray   | Pharmacy| | Out patient| Bacteriology examination| Ultrasound| MCH| | Inpatient| U inalysis| Doppler ultrasound | Physiotherapy| | Gyn. amp; maternity| Hematology| Pathology| Cervical cancer screening| | Pediatric And child health care| C/chemistry| ECG| HIV/ART care| | Minor amp; major surgeryamp; Orthopedics| Serology| | PMTCT| | Internal medicine| Blood film examination| | VCT service| | Dental health| Blood transfusion| | Hygiene and sanitation| | Dermatology| Immunology| | Health education| | Ophthalmic care| Skin test and body fluid analysis| | Endoscopy service| | Psychiatry| Culture and drug sensitivity| | | | ICU| AFB| | | | | CD4 count| | | | | HUMAN RESOURCES PROFILES | Health Staff by Profession| M| F| T Mamp;F|   | Health Staff by Profession| M| F| T Mamp;F| Internist| 0| 0| 0|   | Lab. Tech. (Bsc)| 5| 4| 9| Surgeon| 0| 0| 0|   | Lab. Technician(Dip)| 5| 5| 10| Obs. Gynecologist. | 1| 0| 1| | Lab. Technician (Jun)| 0| 0| 0| Pediatrician| 0| 0| 0| | Lab. aid| 1| 2| 3| Ophthalmologist| 0| 0| 0| | Pharmacist (Bsc) | 7| 2| 9| Orthopedic   | 0| 0| 0| | Pharmacy technician| 4| 11| 15| Pathologist| 1| 0| 1| | Pharmacy technician(Jun)| 0| 0| 0| Radiologist| 1| 0| 1| | Radio GrapherBsc| 2| 0| 2| Dermatologist| 0| 0| 0| | X-Ray   technician   (dip)| 4| 0| 4| Psychiatrist| 0| 0| 0| | Sanitarian (Bsc)| 1| 2| 3| Epidemiologist| 0| 0| 0| | Sanitarian (Dip) | 0| 0| 0| Neurologist| 0| 0| 0|   | Sanitarian (Jun)| 0| 0| 0| Dentist ( GP)| 2| 0| 2| | Malaria   technician| 0| 0| 0| Physiotherapist (BSC)| 1| 2| 3| | Primary Health Worker| 0| 0| 0| General Practitioner| 8| 10| 18| | Primary Midwife| 0| 0| 0| Health Officer| 2| 3| 5| | Health Education (BSC)| 1| 0| 1| Bsc. Nurse| 4| 13| 17| | Cataract surgeon| 0| 1| 1| Clinical Nurse (Dip)| 36| 87| 123| | Ophthalmic Officer | 1| 3| 4| Midwife) Bsc)| 2| 7| 9| | Optometry| 1| 0| 1| Midwife (Dip)| 3| 8| 11|   | Emergency surgery | 1| 0| 1| Health Assist. 1| 0| 1| |   |   |   |   | Health Assist. (Jun)| 0| 3| 3| | S. Total| 33| 30| 63| Psychiatric Nurse(BSC)| 0| 1| 1| | Total Technical staff| 100| 172| 270| Psychiatric Nurse(Dip)| 0| 3| 3| | Administration workers| 56| 131| 187| Ophthalmic Nurse (dip)| 0| 2| 2| | Temporary   worker | 6| 17| 23| Ophthalmic. Assistant| 1| 0| 1| |   |   |   |   | Anesthetist Nurse (Bsc)| 4| 2| 6|   | G. total  | 156| 303| 45 9| Anesthetist. Nurse (Dip)| 1| 1| 2| | | 12| 14| 26| Dental Nurse(Bsc)| 2| 0| 2| |   |   |   |   | S. Total| 70| 142| 212| |   | | |

Learn How to Write a Business Report With Expert Writers

Learn How to Write a Business Report With Expert Writers How to Write a Business Report Not every individual is aware of how to write a business report. Such type of reports is considered to be more complex than a letter written on a business matter. However, if you want to achieve a positive result, creating a good business report will not be a problem for you. What Is a Business Report? Business report writing refers to the analysis of a particular situation or a certain business aspect. For instance, current trend in business, current situation in a particular country, financial statement, or any business data useful for creation of recommendations and strategies that will help in improving business. In addition, any business report may offer evaluation of solutions to certain problems faced by the organization. It can also describe some practices and theories that can be applied in order to improve companys overall performance. Ways of Writing an Effective and Informative Business Report Regardless of industry type, business report plays a crucial role since it helps companies to make correct business decisions. Taking into account the importance of business report, it is crucial to make sure the report is concise, clear and informative at the same time. You should know that there is no wrong or correct information when it comes to business report writing. Your main task is to provide objective information and make sure it is clear for the potential reader. The blow tips will help you understand how to make a business report. If you take these tips into account, your report will definitely be successful. Clarify with the customer what he/she needs. This step is of utmost importance. It does not matter who the customer is, you need to make sure that every party talks about the same matter in terms of expectations and end results. When you start determining this issue, you should think about final report. What particular issues should be covered in business report? What recommendations should be offered? What information will be provided in the report? What the customer is trying to find? Find out what type of business report is needed for the customer This matter should be clarified with the customer as well since it is very important. Remember that there are a lot different kinds of business reports. It means that you should ask your customer what type of report he/she wants so that you could use the correct report structure. For instance, some customers want a business letter, business plan, strategic plan, financial plan, or plan on corporate information. You should find out the type of report prior to writing it. You should conduct the detailed research work As soon as you know everything what the customer needs to be included in the report, you should start the initial research work. This step may include reading materials provided by the customer or making a list of questions and conducting interviews with the targeted audience. It will depend on a particular report objective. Of course, the Internet can help you make the research process much easier, but please make sure you use up-to-date and reliable sources of information. Create the table of contents In order to develop an informative and logical business report, it is recommended to create a table of contents first. Many expert writers use this technique. Of course you can create your table of contents before you start writing the report or during the process of writing. Table of contents is more than just a draft. You should think about it carefully and divide the information in a logical and easy to understand manner. This process is a bit time consuming but believe it or not it will make the report writing faster and easier. Try to imagine the final report and write down the content. This tip is really useful. Remember that table of contents serves you as a guide on what should be written in your report. NOTA BENE: In case you have an external customer who ordered a business report, it will be better to show the table of contents to him/her and ask for its approval. It helps the customer to understand whether he/she wants this information to be present in the report. As soon as the customer sends his/her approval of the table of contents, you can start writing the report and be sure that no other changes will be required by the customer on a final writing stage. Conduct additional research work Right after you decide what the table of contents should include, you will see if you need to conduct additional research work. In case additional information should be collected, you should do it before you begin writing the report. It helps not to interrupt the process of report writing because you will have everything you need at hand. Make the skeleton of your future report Making a skeleton of your report is quite easy when you work with MS Word. Prior to writing anything, copy the headings included in your table of contents and paste them on a separate page in the same orders as they appear on the contents page. Leave the blank space between the headings and then using the MS Word generate an automatic table of contents. After the skeleton is done, you can start filling in the space between the headings. Write business reports by filling in the space between the headings Yes, that is how simple it is. As soon as you have done the skeleton of your future report, the writing process resembles filling in the blank space. All you have to do is to moving from the beginning to the final heading. Do it sequentially and follow the logical order. If you have done all the preparations correctly, the report writing process will not be painful at all. We hope that now you know how to write a business report and it does not seem to you a difficult and time-consuming task anymore. If you follow the basic rules of business report writing, everything will become easy and fun. In case you still have some hesitations, you can look for professional report writing help online. Real professional writers will show you how to write a business report and impress your potential readers.

Charki - The Original Jerky Method of Preserving Meat

Ch'arki - The Original Jerky Method of Preserving Meat The word jerky, referring to a dried, salted and pounded form of all kinds of animal meat, has its origins in the South American Andes, perhaps about the same time as the llama and alpaca were domesticated. Jerky is from charki, a Quechua word for a specific type of dried and deboned camelid (alpaca and llama) meat, perhaps produced by South American cultures for some eight or so thousands of years. Jerky is one of a multitude of meat preservation techniques which were no doubt used by historic and prehistoric peoples, and like many of them, it is a technique for which archaeological evidence must be supplemented by ethnographic studies. Benefits of Jerky Jerky is a form of meat preservation in which fresh meat is dried to prevent it from spoiling. The principal purpose and outcome of the process of drying meat is to reduce water content, which inhibits microbial growth, decreases overall bulk and weight, and causes a proportionate increase in salt, protein, ash and fat content by weight. Salted and fully dried jerky can have an effective shelf life of at least 3-4 months, but under the right conditions can be much longer. The dried product can have over twice the caloric yield of fresh meat, based on weight. For example, the ratio of fresh meat to charki varies between 2:1 and 4:1 by weight, but the protein and nutritive value remain  equivalent. Preserved jerky can be later rehydrated through prolonged water soaking, and in South America, charki is most commonly consumed as reconstituted chips or small pieces in soups and stews. Easily transportable, nutritious and boasting a prolonged shelf life: no wonder charki was an important pre-Columbian Andian subsistence resource. A luxury food to the Incas, charki was made available to the common folk as during ceremonial occasions and military service. Charki was demanded as a tax, and deposited in was used as a form of tax to be deposited in state storehouses along the Inca road system to provision imperial armies. Making Charki Pinning down when charki was first made is tricky. Archaeologists have used historical and ethnographic sources to discover how charki was made, and from that developed a theory about what archaeological remains can be expected from that process. The earliest written record we have comes from the Spanish friar and conquistador Bernabà © Cobo. Writing in 1653, Cobo wrote that Peruvian people prepared charki by cutting it into slices, putting the slices on ice for a time and then pounding it thin. More recent information from modern day butchers in Cuzco support this method. They make strips of deboned meat of uniform thickness, no more than 5 mm (1 inch), to control the consistency and timing of the drying process. These strips are exposed to the elements in high altitudes during the driest and coldest months between May and August. There the strips are hung on lines, specially constructed poles, or simply placed on rooftops to keep them out of reach of scavenging animals. After between 4-5 (or as many as 25 days, recipes vary), the strips are removed from the are pounded between two stones to make them thinner still. Charki is made by different methods in different parts of South America: for example, in Bolivia, what is called charki is dried meat with fragments of foot and skulls left, and in the Ayucucho region, meat simply dried on the bone is called charki. Meat dried at higher elevations can be done with cold temperatures alone; meat dried at lower elevations is done by smoking or salting. Identifying Meat Preservation The primary way that archaeologists identify the likelihood of some form of meat preservation having occurred is by the schlep effect: identifying meat butchering and processing areas by the types of bones left in each type of spot. The schlep effect argues that, especially for larger animals, it is not efficient to lug around the entire animal, but instead, you would butcher the animal at or near the point of kill and take the meat-bearing parts back to camp. The Andean highlands gives an excellent example of that. From ethnographic studies, traditional camelid butchers in Peru slaughtered animals near the pastures high in the Andes, then divided the animal into seven or eight parts. The head and lower limbs were discarded at the slaughter site, and the major meat-bearing portions were then moved to a lower elevation production site where they were further broken down. Finally, the processed meat was brought into market. Since the traditional method of processing charki required that it be done at relatively high elevations during the dry part of the winters, theoretically an archaeologist could identify butchering sites by finding an over-representation of head and distal limb bones, and identify processing site by an over-representation of proximal limb bones at lower-elevation (but not too lower) processing sites. Two problems exist with that (as with traditional schlep effect). First, identifying body parts after the bones have been processed is difficult because bones which are exposed to weathering and animal scavenging are difficult to identify the  body part with confidence. Stahl (1999) among others addressed that by examining bone densities in different bones in the skeleton and applying them to tiny fragments left at sites, but his results were varied. Secondly, even if bone preservation was ideal, you could really only say youve identified butchering patterns, and not necessarily how the meat was processed. Bottom Line: How Old is Jerky? Nevertheless, it would be foolhardy to argue that the meat from animals slaughtered in cold climates and transported to warmer climates was not preserved for the trip in some manner. No doubt some form of jerky was made at least at the time of camelid domestication and perhaps before. The real story might be that all weve traced here is the origins of the word jerky, and making jerky (or pemmican or kavurmeh or some other form of preserved meat) by freezing, salting, smoking or some other method might well have been a skill developed by complex hunter-gatherers everywhere some 12,000 or better years ago. Sources This glossary entry is a part of the About.com guide to the Ancient Foods, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Miller GR, and Burger RL. 2000. Charki at Chavin: Ethnographic Models and Archaeological Data. American Antiquity 65(3):573-576. Madrigal TC, and Holt JZ. 2002. White Tailed Deer Meat and Marrow Return Rates and Their Application to Eastern Woodlands Archaeology. American Antiquity 67(4):745-759. Marshall F, and Pilgram T. 1991. Meat versus within-bone nutrients: Another look at the meaning of body part representation in archaeological sites. Journal of Archaeological Science 18(2):149-163. Speth, John D. D. The Paleoanthropology and Archaeology of Big-Game Hunting: Protein, Fat, or Politics? Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology, 2010 edition, Springer, July 24, 2012. Stahl PW. 1999. Structural density of domesticated South American camelid skeletal elements and the archaeological investigation of prehistoric Andean Charki. Journal of Archaeological Science 26:1347-1368.

Positioning and Differentiation Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Positioning and Differentiation - Research Paper Example They also need to differentiate themselves from the competitors in order to be attractive to the customers. Failure to position and differentiate from competitors will make it highly difficult for business to survive and sustain growth in today’s highly competitive business world. This paper analyses and compares the positioning and differentiation strategy adopted by two health insurance companies in the US. The two companies chosen are: UnitedHealth Group and WellPoint, Inc. Positioning Positioning is a marketing process used to position a product or a service in the mind of the customer in the best way that the company believes that the product or service must be perceived by the customer. There is very little change that is made to the product unlike the name product positioning suggests. Positioning is all about changing how the product is perceived by the customer (Ries & Trout, 2001). Therefore, positioning is the essence of a marketing mix. It throws light on how the c ompany defines its market segments, its competition and target markets (Schiffman & Kanuk, 2007). It does not induce any new features into a product or service but uses the existing features in order to project the product or service in an effective way to the target market. ... By highlighting the differences between its competitors, businesses try to make its products and services more attractive to the target customer group (Hoskisson et al., 2008). Differentiation is vital for any product or service as it will create a niche for the product or service within a well defined closed target market group. Therefore, a well differentiated product or service will have a competitive advantage over its competitors. Successful differentiation will also give a business the freedom in pricing the products and services as the differentiating features will make for the extra cost from a customer’s perspective (Hoskisson et al., 2009). UnitedHealth Group With headquarters in Minnetonka, Minnesota UnitedHealth Group is one of the leading health care companies in the world. Across the globe, the company serves more than 75 million people. It offers a range of products and services to its customers. UnitedHealth Group was created in 1977 but its origin can be dated back to 1974 when a group of physicians and healthcare professionals founded the Charter Med Incorporated. The company was incorporated with the main purpose of increasing or expanding consumer’s health coverage options (UnitedHealth Group, 2012). Today the company has grown on to become the biggest health carrier in the United States. Positioning UnitedHealth Group which primarily started as an insurance company has diversified its products and services to cater to the needs of the entire health care industry. The company positions itself as leading health care companies which not only address the needs of consumers with heal benefit products and services but also the service sector of the health care industry. It

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 22

Ethics - Essay Example The users of computers need to be aware of the ethical issues that are likely to arise from their use of the computers. The main ethical concerns from the use of computers include effects on privacy, effects of computer on the society and the issues concerning property rights. The privacy issue has increasingly become a major concern from the fact that sharing of information has been made easy by the availability of many options of sharing information over the internet. This raises concern because individuals or organizations might take advantage of this and might start sharing other people’s information without their concern. The ability of the computer information systems to hold huge amounts of information has also resulted to a situation where the privacy of the stored information is at risk of other people’s access. The effects caused by computers to the society may include health problems whereby use of the emerging computer information systems has resulted to man y health problems such as the Computer Vision Syndrome and many others, which arise as a result of using computers over a long time period (Olumoye 155). Computer information systems have also resulted to ethical issues concerning employment. Implementation of these systems require redesigning of the existing processes of the business and at the end render many people unemployed. This is because the systems perform much of the work, which requires laying off some employees. Other ethical impacts that result from using the information systems include the effects on school. The impact caused on school going is that use of the computer information systems result to dishonesty in undertaking the academic work. The systems have impacted heavily on school going in that the school going students have acquired new ways of cheat in their class work, assignments and in their exams. Some students take advantage that their teachers and instructors have little knowledge concerning the